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EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST SECTION CASE OF OURANIO TOXO AND OTHERS v. GREECE (Application no. 74989/01) JUDGMENT STRASBOURG 20 October 2005 FINAL 20/01/2006 This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Ouranio Toxo and Others v. Greece, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of: Mr L. Loucaides, President, Having deliberated in private on 29 September 2005, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1. The case originated in an application (no. 74989/01) against the Hellenic Republic lodged with the Court on 11 March 2001, under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”), by a political party, Ouranio Toxo, and by two Greek nationals, Mr Pavlos Voskopoulos and Mr Petros Vassiliadis (“the applicants”), who were born in 1964 and 1960 respectively. 2. The applicants were represented by Mrs I. Kourtovik, a lawyer practising in Athens. The Greek Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent's delegates, Mr M. Apessos, Senior Adviser at the State Legal Council, Mr V. Kyriazopoulos, Adviser at the State Legal Council, and Mrs S. Trekli, Legal Assistant at the State Legal Council. 3. The applicants complained, in particular, of a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, on account of the length of criminal proceedings, and of a violation of their right to freedom of association under Article 11. 4. The application was allocated to the Court's First Section (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. 5. On 5 December 2002 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to give notice to the Government of the complaints under Article 6 § 1 and Articles 8, 10, 11 and 14 of the Convention. 6. By a decision of 27 May 2004 the Court declared the application admissible in respect of the complaints under Article 6 § 1 and Article 11 of the Convention. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 7. The
political party Ouranio
Toxo (Rainbow), founded in 1994, has regularly taken part in elections since that
date. Its declared aims include the defence of the Macedonian minority living
in Greece. The other two applicants are members of the party's political
secretariat. 8. In September
1995 the party established its headquarters in the town of Florina. The second
and third applicants affixed to the balcony of the premises a sign indicating
the party's name in the two languages spoken in the region: Greek and
Macedonian. 9. According to
the applicants, the opening of the headquarters and the affixing of the sign
triggered a wave of violent protests by the town's inhabitants, but the police
failed to take the appropriate measures to protect them against the various
attacks to which they were subjected. 10. In
particular, the offices were opened in early September 1995 and on 12 September
1995 priests from the church in Florina published a statement describing the
applicants as “friends of Skopje”, driven by “anti-Hellenic and treacherous
sentiments”. The statement continued as follows: “we call upon the people to
join a demonstration to protest against the enemies of Greece who arbitrarily
display signs with anti-Hellenic slogans, and we will demand their deportation”. 11. On 13
September 1995 the Florina town council held an informal meeting and, by a
resolution published in the local press, decided to organise protests against
the applicants. 12. On the same
day the public prosecutor at the Florina Criminal Court ordered the removal of
the sign on the ground that the inclusion of the party's name in Macedonian was
liable to sow discord (Article 192 of the Criminal Code – see paragraph 23
below) among the local population. Police officers removed the party's sign
without giving any explanation to the applicants, who then put up a new sign.
That evening, according to the applicants, while they were inside the party
headquarters a crowd of people, among whom they apparently recognised the mayor,
the deputy mayor and certain town councillors, gathered in front of the building
to shout threats and insults at them, such as “traitors”, “dogs”, “death to the
dogs of Skopje”, “you're going to die”, and “we'll burn everything”. The crowd
also allegedly demanded that the applicants hand over the sign. 13. On 14
September 1995, at about 1.30 a.m. a number of people allegedly attacked the party
headquarters, and, after breaking down the door, assaulted those inside and demanded
that they hand over the sign, which the applicants did. Another group entered
the premises at approximately 4 a.m., threw all the equipment and furniture out
of the window and set it on fire. According to the applicants, throughout these
events they made a number of telephone calls to the police station located some
500 metres from the party headquarters, but were apparently told that no
officers were available to come out. The applicants
submitted that the public prosecutor's office took no action against those
involved in the incidents. However, criminal proceedings for inciting discord
were brought against four members of the party, including the second and third applicants,
under Article 192 of the Criminal Code. The bill of indictment stated that
“they had affixed to the party headquarters a sign on which, among other
things, the word vino-zito (rainbow) was written in a Slavic
language, and had thus sowed discord among the local inhabitants ...”. The
applicants were committed for trial. 14. The trial took place on 15 September 1998 before a single judge in the Florina Criminal Court, who acquitted the applicants (judgment no. 979/1998). The court acknowledged that a crowd had gathered in front of the party headquarters and that one of the applicants had been beaten up. It found that there had also been criminal damage, which had culminated in the premises being set on fire. 15. On 5 December 1995 four party members, including the second and third applicants, lodged a criminal complaint and applied to be joined to the proceedings as civil parties, alleging that those responsible for the incidents had committed the following offences: incitement to discord (Article 192 of the Criminal Code), breach of the peace (Article 189), destruction of property (Article 381), criminal damage (Article 330), trespass (Article 334), threats (Article 333), insults (Article 361) and arson (Article 264). 16. On 24 November 1999 the Indictments Division of the Florina Criminal Court considered that there was insufficient evidence against the individuals named in the applicants' complaint and decided to discontinue criminal proceedings against them (order no. 30/1999). 17. On 10 December 1999 the applicants appealed. 18. On 4 April 2000 the Indictments Division of the Court of Appeal for West Macedonia dismissed the appeal (order no. 27/2000). 19. On 4 May 2000 the applicants appealed on points of law. 20. On 30 January 2003 the Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation dismissed their appeal on grounds of inadmissibility (order no. 176/2003). II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW 21. The relevant provisions of the Criminal Code read as follows: Breach of the peace Article 189 “(1) Anyone who takes part in an unlawful assembly, ... , attacks persons or property, or forcibly enters houses, dwellings or other premises belonging to another, shall be punished by a prison sentence of up to two years. (2) The perpetrators of such an attack and anyone who has incited another to commit the attack shall be punished by a prison sentence of at least three months. (3) The above-mentioned sentences shall be imposed unless the offence attracts a harsher sentence under a different provision.” Incitement of citizens to discord Article 192 “Anyone who, publicly or otherwise, provokes others to commit a violent act or sows discord among citizens, or incites citizens to do so, thus causing a breach of the peace, shall be punished by a prison sentence of up to two years, unless the offence attracts a harsher sentence under a different provision”. THE LAW ... II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION 31. The applicants complained of interference with their freedom of association on account of the acts directed against them, the participation of the clergy and municipal authorities in those acts, and the inactivity of the police when a group of demonstrators broke into and ransacked the party headquarters. They relied on Article 11 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. 2. No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This Article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces, of the police or of the administration of the State.” A. The parties' submissions 32. The Government noted that the crux of the present dispute was the removal of the sign bearing the impugned inscription. They observed that the term vino-zito, written on the sign in a “Slavic alphabet”, had a strong historical connotation. It had been used as the rallying cry of forces seeking to capture the town of Florina during the civil war in Macedonia. In the Government's view, feelings of discord among the inhabitants of Florina could be provoked simply by mentioning this term, since it reminded them of the civil war which followed the Second World War, and during which lives were lost and properties destroyed. The Government added that the sign had been removed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, the applicants had put the sign back. In addition, the Government claimed that the local police had not adopted a passive attitude towards the incidents stirred up by the crowd. In this connection, they stressed that when the sign had been taken down by the police officers, police intervention had not been necessary because the tension in the crowd had subsided anyway. The police forces could not have predicted that the situation would deteriorate in the following hours or have acted accordingly. 33. In response, the applicants argued that by adding the word vino-zito to the sign, they had only wished to translate the meaning of their party's name “into Macedonian”, without intending to sow discord among the inhabitants of Florina. They considered that the removal of the sign had not been carried out on any statutory basis and had thus been an arbitrary act. Moreover, putting the sign back had not been unlawful but had been consonant with their freedom of political expression. Concerning the attack on the party headquarters, they maintained that it had been instigated by the clergy and town council of Florina. With the aid of municipal civil servants, some of the town councillors had participated, together with the crowd, in the acts of criminal damage. Lastly, they noted that the police forces had failed in their obligation to intervene in order to prevent the headquarters from being ransacked and had not conducted an effective investigation with the aim of arresting and punishing those responsible. B. The Court's assessment 1. General principles 34. The Court has, on a number of
occasions, confirmed the essential role played by political parties in
democratic systems, where they are afforded rights and freedoms under Article
11 of the Convention and also under Article 10. Political parties are a form of
association essential to the proper functioning of democracy (see United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey, judgment of 30 January 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998‑I,
p. 17, § 25). It is in the nature of the role they
play that political parties, the only bodies which can come to power, also have
the capacity to influence the whole of the regime in their countries. By the
proposals for an overall societal model which they put before the electorate
and by their capacity to implement those proposals once they come to power,
political parties differ from other organisations which intervene in the
political arena. In view of their role, any measure taken against them affects
freedom of association and therefore the state of democracy in the country
concerned (see Socialist Party of Turkey (STP) and Others v. Turkey, no. 26482/95, § 36, 12 November 2003). 35. Further, the notion of “democratic society” is devoid of any meaning if there is no pluralism, tolerance or open-mindedness. In particular, pluralism is built on, for example, the genuine recognition of, and respect for, diversity and the dynamics of traditions and of ethnic and cultural identities. The harmonious interaction of persons and groups with varied identities is essential for achieving social cohesion (see Gorzelik and Others v. Poland [GC], no. 44158/98, § 92, 17 February 2004). Accordingly, the fact that their activities form part of a collective exercise of freedom of expression also entitles political parties to seek the protection of Article 10 of the Convention (see United Communist Party of Turkey and Others, cited above, p. 17, § 43). As the Court has often reiterated, the protection of opinions and the freedom to express them is one of the objectives of the freedom of association as enshrined in Article 11. 36. The Court habitually
acknowledges that Article 11 of the Convention also takes on a negative aspect:
public authorities must abstain from arbitrary measures capable of interfering
with the right of free assembly and association. In this context the Court has
had occasion to examine measures under Article 11 which involve the restriction
of an individual's participation in a peaceful assembly (see Ezelin v. France, judgment of 26 April 1991, Series A no. 202, p. 23, § 53), the
refusal to register an association (see Gorzelik
and Others, cited above, §§ 104 et seq., and Sidiropoulos and Others v. Greece, judgment of 10 July 1998, Reports 1998‑IV, pp. 1617-18, §§ 46-47)
and the dissolution of a political party (see Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey [GC], nos. 41340/98,
41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98, § 135, ECHR 2003‑II). In view of
the essential nature of freedom of association and its close relationship with
democracy there must be convincing and compelling reasons to justify such
interference with this freedom. 37. Moreover, the Court has often
reiterated that the Convention is intended to guarantee rights that are not
theoretical or illusory, but practical and effective (see the Artico v. Italy judgment of 13 May 1980,
Series A no. 37, p. 16, § 33, and more recently United Communist Party of Turkey and Others, cited above, pp. 18-19, § 33). It follows
from that finding that a genuine and effective respect for freedom of
association cannot be reduced to a mere duty on the part of the State not to
interfere; a purely negative conception would not be compatible
with the purpose of Article 11 nor with that of the Convention in general.
There may thus be positive obligations to secure the effective enjoyment of the
right to freedom of association (see Wilson & the National Union
of Journalists and Others v. the United Kingdom, nos. 30668/96, 30671/96 and 30678/96,
§ 41, ECHR 2002‑V) even in the sphere of relations between
individuals (see Plattform “Ärzte für das
Leben” v. Austria, judgment of 21 June 1988, Series A no. 139, p. 12,
§ 32). Accordingly, it is incumbent upon public
authorities to guarantee the proper functioning of an association or political
party, even when they annoy or give offence to persons opposed to the lawful ideas
or claims that they are seeking to promote. Their members must be able to hold meetings
without having to fear that they will be subjected to physical violence by
their opponents. Such a fear would be liable to deter other associations or political
parties from openly expressing their opinions on highly controversial issues
affecting the community. In a democracy the right to counter-demonstrate cannot
extend to inhibiting the exercise of the right of association (see, mutatis mutandis, Plattform “Ärzte für das Leben”, cited above, § 32). 2. Application of the above principles to the instant case 38. In the present case it is for the Court to examine whether the obligations arising from Article 11 of the Convention were fulfilled by the domestic authorities. 39. The Court notes that, on 13 September 1995, the Florina police removed the sign on which the party's name was written in Macedonian. The Government justified that act by the negative historical connotation of the word vino-zito written on the sign in Macedonian. In particular, they argued that the word had been used as the rallying cry of forces seeking to capture the town of Florina during the civil war in Macedonia. In the Government's view, reference to this term was capable by itself of provoking feelings of discord among the inhabitants of Florina. 40. The Court considers that mention
of the consciousness of belonging to a minority and the preservation and
development of a minority's culture cannot be said to constitute a threat to
“democratic society”, even though it may provoke tensions (see Sidiropoulos and Others, cited above, § 41). The emergence of tensions
is one of the unavoidable consequences of pluralism, that is to say the free
discussion of all political ideas. Accordingly, the role of the authorities in
such circumstances is not to remove the cause of tension by eliminating
pluralism, but to ensure that the competing political groups tolerate each
other (see Plattform “Ärzte für das Leben”, cited above, p. 12, § 32, and Serif v. Greece, no. 38178/97, § 53,
ECHR 1999‑IX). 41. In
the instant case the Court observes that the Ouranio
Toxo party is a lawfully constituted party, one of whose aims is the defence of
the Macedonian minority living in Greece. Affixing a sign to the front of its
headquarters with the party's name written in Macedonian cannot be regarded as
reprehensible or considered to constitute in itself a present and imminent
threat to public order. The Court accepts that the use of the term vino-zito certainly aroused hostile
sentiment among the local population. Its ambiguous connotations were liable to
offend the political or patriotic views of the majority of the population of
Florina. However, the risk of causing tension within the community by using
political terms in public did not suffice, by itself, to justify interference
with freedom of association. 42. An
additional question raised by this case is whether the
attitude of the public authorities contributed to exacerbating the tension. In
this connection the Court notes that the local authorities, two days before the
incidents, had clearly incited the population of Florina to gather in protest
against the applicants and some of their members had taken part in the protests
(see paragraphs 13-14 above). They thus helped through their conduct to arouse
the hostile sentiment of a section of the population against the applicants.
The Court considers that the role of State authorities is to defend and promote
the values inherent in a democratic system, such as pluralism, tolerance and
social cohesion. In the present case, it would have been more in keeping with
those values for the local authorities to advocate a conciliatory stance,
rather than to stir up confrontational attitudes. 43. Lastly,
the Court must examine whether the police forces sufficiently guaranteed the
protection of the party's premises. In this connection it notes that they could
reasonably have foreseen the danger that the tension would boil over into
violence and clear violations of freedom of association. The day that the sign
in question was put back, groups of people had gathered in front of the party
headquarters shouting insults and threats at the applicants. The State should
therefore have taken appropriate measures to prevent or, at least, contain the
violence. However, the Court cannot but find that the public authorities failed
to take the measures necessary in the circumstances of the case. The Court thus
observes that, when the headquarters were being attacked, the applicants allegedly
called several times for the assistance of the police, who were located 500
metres away. They justified their failure to intervene by claiming that no
officers were available to be dispatched to the scene. However, the Government
gave no explanation for the lack of police manpower even though the incidents
had been predictable. Further, the Court cannot overlook the fact that the
public prosecutor did not consider it necessary to start an investigation in
the wake of the incidents to determine responsibility. It was only once the
applicants had lodged a complaint that the investigation began. In cases of
interference with freedom of association by acts of individuals, the competent
authorities have an additional obligation to take effective investigative
measures (see, mutatis mutandis, Özgür Gündem v. Turkey, no. 23144/93, § 45, ECHR 2000‑III). 44. For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that by both their acts and their omissions the national authorities breached Article 11 of the Convention. ... FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT ... 2. Holds unanimously that there has been a violation of Article 11 of the Convention; ... Done in French, and notified in writing on 20 October 2005, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Søren Nielsen Loukis
Loucaides ... |